Sudan

Location

It is bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, and Eritrea to the east. To the northeast it faces the Red Sea.

Area

About 1.89 million km2

Capital (approximate population)

Khartoum(1.41 million)

Business-related cities other than Khartoum (approximate population)

Omdurman(1.85 million), Al Khartoum Bahri(1.01 million), etc.

Population

Approximately 41.59 million people

Racial Composition

About 70% Arab

Language

Arabic

Religion

97% Muslim

Culture

About 580 ethnic groups speak over 140 different languages and practice a variety of lifestyles and activities.
- Pyramids of Meroe
- Sudan National Museum
- Dinder National Park
- Sanganeb Marine National Park
- Museum of the Khalifa's House

Education

Education is free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 13, but more than 40% of children do not attend school due to economic conditions.
- University of Khartoum
- Sudan University of Science and Technology
- University of Bahri
- Ahfad University
- Sheikh Abdullah al-Badri University

- Sudan Library

Overview of modern and contemporary history of Sudan

1881 Rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
1898 British suppression of rebellion
1899-1955 Anglo-Egyptian joint rule
1955 Southern Sudan armed uprising. The outbreak of the first civil war
1956 Independent Republic of Sudan
1958 Military coup. Establishment of the Aboudu Military Government
1964 "October Revolution" overthrows Aboudu military regime
1965 Formation of a coalition government between the Umma Party and the National Unity Party
1969 A military coup d'etat established the Gafar Numeiri military government. The Revolutionary Council has full power. Changed the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of Sudan
1971 Numeiri is temporarily banished in a coup. Returned to Numeiri in the same year. Coup plotters are executed
1972 Peace is established in Addis Ababa, ending the first civil war. The south becomes an autonomous region
1978 Oil discovered at Bentiu in southern Sudan
1983 Civil war breaks out in southern Sudan (second civil war). The president declares the introduction of Sharia Islamic law.
1984 Drought. Ethiopian refugee influx
1985 President Numeiri is dismissed by the Transitional Military Council. Military government established by Suwar Dahab. Change the name of the country back to "Republic of Sudan"
1986 Transition to civilian rule
1989 A military coup establishes the military government of Omar al-Bashir
1993 General Omar al-Bashir is appointed president
1995 Egyptian President Mubarak accuses Sudan of being involved in his assassination attempt in Addis Ababa
1998 US missile attack on manufacturing plant in Khartoum for producing chemical weapons materials. Approval of a new constitution that lifts the ban on political party activities
1999 President dissolves parliament and declares state of emergency. Started oil export
2002 Signing of the Machakos Protocol (start of peace process with rebels in southern Sudan)
2003- A clash between government forces and rebel forces occurred in the Darfur region in western Sudan, resulting in a large-scale massacre and a large number of refugees (Darfur conflict)
2005 The government and rebels in southern Sudan sign a peace deal. A former Southern rebel leader becomes Vice President. The new constitution gives the South greater autonomy
2006 The government and the Sudan Liberation Army, the main rebel group in Darfur, sign a peace deal. Darfur conflict continues as two small rebels refuse to negotiate with government
2008 Tensions rise between Sudan and Chad over rebel activity in Darfur. Sudan denounces Chad's involvement and cuts diplomatic ties. Armed clashes break out between the Union and Confederate forces in the oil-producing town of Abyei.
2009 International Criminal Court (ICC) issues arrest warrant for President al-Bashir for inhumane acts in Darfur conflict
2010 President Bashir visits Kenya
2011 South Sudan holds a referendum and gains independence. Government forces kill major rebel leader Khalil Ibrahim in Darfur
2013 Sudan and South Sudan resume oil pumping. Agreed to withdraw troops from the border to create a demilitarized zone. Dozens killed in protests against subsidy cuts
2017 United States partially lifts sanctions
2018 Bread price hike escalates into mass protests
2019 President Bashir announces his state of emergency. A military coup ousted President Bashir. A new government is established for the transition to democratization
2021 Prime Minister under house arrest in military coup. Army fires on protesters

Politics

Sudan is officially a presidential democratic republic, with a president as head of state and head of government and commander-in-chief of the military, and a bicameral legislature. However, with internal problems such as civil war and genocide, it has been seen as a kind of totalitarian state. A military coup took place in April 2019, and it is said to be in the process of transitioning to civilian rule.
- Republican Palace Museum
- Sudan National Assembly

GDP per capita

$808

Economy

It is a country with a relatively high dependence on agricultural production. There was a time when GDP grew significantly due to increased oil production and soaring oil prices. Civil war, lack of infrastructure, etc. are serious, and many of the people are forced to live in poverty.

Africa

South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Madagascar, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Morocco, Cameroon, Ghana , Burkina Faso, Congo Republic, Gabon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya , Sudan, South Sudan, Guinea, Senegal, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Eswatini, Lesotho, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Benin, Togo, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Cape Verde

-- Return to World Region Information --